美媒纽约时报：中美科技战最新一枪【华为手机】Latest Shot Fired

Huawei Phone Is Latest Shot Fired in the U.S.-China Tech War

华为手机是中美科技战的最新一枪

The release of a homegrown Chinese smartphone during a visit by the Biden official in charge of regulating such technology shows the U.S.-China tech conflict is alive and well.

负责监管此类技术的拜登官员在访问期间发布了一款中国本土智能手机，这表明美中科技冲突依然存在。

A Huawei store in Shanghai. Huawei’s jade-green Mate 60 Pro appears to have many of the same basic capabilities as other smartphones on the market.Credit...Qilai Shen for The New York Times

上海的一家华为专卖店。华为的翠绿色 Mate 60 Pro 似乎具有许多与市场上其他智能手机相同的基本功能。

In the midst of the U.S. commerce secretary’s good will tour to China last week, Huawei, the telecom giant that faces stiff U.S. trade restrictions, unveiled a smartphone that illustrated just how hard it has been for the United States to clamp down on China’s tech prowess.

上周，在美国商务部长对中国进行善意访问期间，面临美国严格贸易限制的电信巨头华为推出了一款智能手机，这足以说明美国打压中国科技实力有多么艰难。 。

The new phone is powered by a chip that appears to be the most advanced version of China’s homegrown technology to date — a kind of achievement that the United States has been trying to prevent China from reaching.

这款新手机搭载的芯片似乎是迄今为止中国本土技术最先进的版本——美国一直试图阻止中国实现这一成就。

Chinese media have referred to the phone as a sign of the country’s technological independence, but U.S. analysts said the achievement still most likely hinged on the use of American technology and machinery, which would have been in violation of U.S. trade restrictions.

中国媒体称这款手机是中国技术独立的标志，但美国分析人士表示，这一成就很可能仍然取决于美国技术和机械的使用，而这违反了美国的贸易限制。

Beginning in the Trump administration and continuing under President Biden, the United States has steadily ramped up its restrictions on selling advanced chips and the machinery needed to make them to China, and to Huawei in particular, in an attempt to shut down China’s mastery of technologies that could aid its military.

从特朗普政府开始，一直到拜登总统领导下，美国不断加大对向中国（特别是华为）出售先进芯片及其制造设备的限制，试图阻止中国掌握技术这可以帮助其军队。

For the past several years, those restrictions have curtailed Huawei’s ability to produce 5G phones. But Huawei appears to have found a way around those restrictions to make an advanced phone, at least in limited quantities. Though detailed information about the phone is limited, Huawei’s jade-green Mate 60 Pro appears to have many of the same basic capabilities as other smartphones on the market.

过去几年，这些限制限制了华为生产 5G 手机的能力。但华为似乎已经找到了绕过这些限制的方法来生产先进的手机，至少是限量生产。尽管有关这款手机的详细信息有限，但华为翠绿色的 Mate 60 Pro 似乎具有许多与市场上其他智能手机相同的基本功能。

An examination of the phone by TechInsights, a Canadian firm that analyzes the semiconductor industry, concluded that the advanced chip inside was manufactured by Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation of China and was operating beyond the technology limits that the United States has been trying to enforce.

加拿大半导体行业分析公司 TechInsights 对这款手机进行了检查，得出的结论是，手机中的先进芯片由中国中芯国际制造，其运行超出了美国一直试图强制执行的技术限制。

Douglas Fuller, an associate professor at Copenhagen Business School, said SMIC appeared to have used equipment stockpiled before restrictions went into effect, equipment licensed to it for the purpose of producing chips for companies other than Huawei, and spare parts acquired through third-party vendors to cobble together its production.

哥本哈根商学院副教授道格拉斯·富勒(Douglas Fuller)表示，中芯国际似乎使用了限制生效前储备的设备、授权其为华为以外的公司生产芯片的设备，以及通过第三方供应商购买的零部件。拼凑其生产。

“The official line in China of a heroic breaking of the technology blockade of the American imperialists is incorrect,” Mr. Fuller said. “Instead, the U.S. has allowed SMIC continued significant access to American technology.”

“中国官方关于英勇打破美帝国主义技术封锁的说法是不正确的，”富勒先生说。“相反，美国允许中芯国际继续大量获取美国技术。”

Huawei and SMIC did not respond to a request for comment. The Commerce Department also did not respond to a request for comment.

华为和中芯国际没有回应置评请求。商务部也没有回应置评请求。

Chinese social media commentators and news sites celebrated the smartphone’s release as evidence that U.S. restrictions could not hold China back from developing its own technology.

中国社交媒体评论员和新闻网站对这款智能手机的发布表示庆祝，认为这证明美国的限制无法阻止中国发展自己的技术。

“Regardless of Huawei’s intentions, the launch of the Mate 60 Pro has been imbued by many Chinese netizens with a deeper meaning of ‘rising up under US pressure,’” the state-run Global Times said in an editorial.

“无论华为的意图如何，Mate 60 Pro的推出已经被许多中国网民赋予了‘在美国压力下崛起’的更深层次含义，”国营《环球时报》在一篇社论中表示。

During the trip, Ms. Raimondo and her advisers set up a dialogue to share information about how the United States was enforcing its technology controls. She said the step would lead to better Chinese compliance but was not an invitation to the Chinese to try to water down export controls.

访问期间，雷蒙多女士和她的顾问进行了对话，分享有关美国如何实施技术控制的信息。她表示，此举将导致中国更好地遵守规定，但并不是邀请中国尝试淡化出口管制。

The Biden administration is preparing to issue a final version of the technology restrictions it first put out last October, and the revised rules could come within weeks.

拜登政府正准备发布去年 10 月首次推出的技术限制的最终版本，修订后的规则可能会在几周内出台。

Huawei’s development of the phone does not necessarily demonstrate a huge leap forward for Chinese technological prowess — or the total failure of U.S. export controls, analysts said.

分析人士表示，华为手机的开发并不一定表明中国技术实力的巨大飞跃，也不一定表明美国出口管制的彻底失败。

Because Chinese firms no longer have access to the most cutting-edge machines for making semiconductors, they have developed novel workarounds that use older machinery to create more powerful chips. But these methods are both relatively time-consuming for manufacturers, and produce a higher proportion of faulty chips, limiting the scale of production.

由于中国企业不再能够使用最先进的半导体制造机器，因此他们开发了新颖的解决方法，使用旧机器来制造更强大的芯片。但这些方法对于制造商来说都相对耗时，并且生产出的故障芯片比例较高，限制了生产规模。

“This does not mean China can manufacture advanced semiconductors at scale,” said Paul Triolo, an associate partner for China and technology policy at Albright Stonebridge Group, a consultancy. “But it shows what incentives U.S. controls have created for Chinese firms to collaborate and attempt new ways to innovate with their existing capabilities.”

“这并不意味着中国能够大规模制造先进半导体，”咨询公司奥尔布赖特石桥集团(Albright Stonebridge Group)中国和技术政策副合伙人保罗·特里奥洛(Paul Triolo)表示。“但这表明美国的管制为中国企业合作和尝试利用现有能力进行创新的新方式提供了哪些激励。”

“It is the first major salvo in what will be a decade or more struggle for China’s semiconductor industry to essentially reinvent parts of the global semiconductor supply chain without U.S. technology included,” he added.

他补充道：“这是中国半导体行业在未来十年或更长时间的斗争中的第一次重大举措，目的是在不包括美国技术的情况下彻底改造全球半导体供应链的部分内容。

Nazak Nikakhtar, a partner at Wiley Rein and a former Commerce Department official, said Huawei’s progress was “a result of longstanding U.S. policy” — specifically U.S. licenses that allow companies to continue selling advanced technologies to firms that the Commerce Department placed on a so-called entity list, like Huawei and SMIC.

Wiley Rein 合伙人、前商务部官员纳扎克·尼卡赫塔尔 (Nazak Nikakhtar) 表示，华为的进步是“美国长期政策的结果”，特别是美国许可证允许公司继续向商务部授予的所谓“美国许可证”的公司出售先进技术。称为实体清单，如华为、中芯国际。

From Jan. 3 to March 31, 2022, the Commerce Department approved licenses for the sale of $23 billion of tech products to companies on the entity list, according to information released in February by the House Foreign Affairs Committee.

根据众议院外交事务委员会2 月份发布的信息，从 2022 年 1 月 3 日到 3 月 31 日，商务部批准了向实体名单上的公司销售价值 230 亿美元的科技产品的许可证。

“Where gaps exist in licensing policies, exports will get funneled through the gaps,” Ms. Nikakhtar said. “The U.S. government needs to close the gaps if its intention is to limit exports of critical technologies to China.”

“如果许可政策存在差距，出口就会通过这些差距进行输送，”尼卡赫塔尔女士说。“如果美国政府打算限制向中国出口关键技术，就需要缩小差距。”

In a statement on Wednesday, Representative Mike Gallagher, a Wisconsin Republican who heads a congressional committee on China, called for ending all U.S. technology exports to both Huawei and SMIC. U.S. chip makers such as Qualcomm and Intel have received exporting licenses.

威斯康星州共和党众议员、国会中国委员会主席迈克·加拉格尔 (Mike Gallagher) 在周三的一份声明中呼吁停止美国向华为和中芯国际出口所有技术。高通、英特尔等美国芯片制造商已获得出口许可。